Literature Reviews on Sport for Development and Peace

Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Sport for Development and Peace: Electric current Perspectives of Research

Submitted: June 11th, 2019 Reviewed: August 15th, 2019 Published: November 18th, 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89192

Abstruse

Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) is an international movement that began in the 2000s with the Millennium Evolution Goals (2000–2015) and is currently continuing effectually the United nations' Sustainable Development Goals 2015–2030, driven by international organizations such every bit UNESCO. Often located in an international development context, organizations and associations use sport equally a vehicle to reach several social and humanitarian missions (e.g., education, social cohesion, health, reintegration, diplomacy, and peace). This chapter presents the origins and objectives of the SDP, just it also looks at electric current research in the field. Since 2010, studies have significantly increased in the field around four primary areas (macrosociological, field explorations, program management and evaluation, and literature reviews). This affiliate also provides illustrations of SDP research projects, axis of tensions between practice and theory, and perspectives for future research in the field.

Keywords

sport for development
sport for peace
sport for education
sport for health
international

Tegwen Gadais*
- Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada

*Address all correspondence to: gadais.tegwen@uqam.ca

i. Introduction

Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) is an international movement that began in the 2000s to encounter the Millennium Development Goals (2000–2015). Several local, regional, national and international organizations are currently continuing to implement sports projects in an international development context to attain the Un' sustainable development goals (2015–2030).

This affiliate aims to present the diverse origins and objectives that are being used effectually the SDP. It then focuses on current research on SDP, providing illustrations of research projects conducted in the field. Finally, this chapter offers perspectives for future research in this domain.

1.1 Origins and history of the SDP movement

Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) is not a new phenomenon contrary to what one might think. In 1894, Pierre de Coubertin had already considered the reconstruction of the modern Olympic Games to bring nations closer together around sports disciplines. He said "I remained convinced that sport is one of the near forceful elements of peace and I am confident in its future activeness" [1]. But the use of sport to serve development, peace, or diplomatic interests in the contemporary world is more due to the work of Mandela, who said "Sport has the ability to change the world. It has the power to inspire, it has the ability to unite people in a style that lilliputian else does" [2]. Indeed, the South African leader decided to utilise the power of sport during the 1995 Rugby World Cup to fight apartheid and unite the Southward African people. Co-ordinate to him, "Sport can create promise, where once there was only despair. It is more powerful than governments in breaking down racial barriers" [two].

The United Nations (United nations) took a step further toward the recognition of sport and its diplomatic, integrative, educational, or peace-building potential by signing a resolution in favor of the use of sport as a tool for development and peace-edifice among peoples, which was adopted by the United nations Full general Assembly in 2003. This vote likewise led to the reaffirmation in 2015 of the 1978 UNESCO International Charter for Physical Education and Sport. The prevalence of SDP projects was so high that the United nations has recognized its potential by setting up a specific case between 2008 and 2017 (United Nations Office for Sport and Development and Peace; UNOSDP) through which it has initiated a large number of projects, particularly in Primal America and Westward Africa [3]. This office had iii main roles: to encourage dialogue, to establish SDP collaborations and partnerships, and to support international sports organizations, ceremonious gild, private sector, and media.

i.two Definition and objectives of the SDP

SDP projects have been developing in recent years around the earth. They have been defined as "the intentional utilize of sport, physical activity and play to accomplish specific development objectives in depression- and center-income countries and disadvantaged communities in loftier-income areas" [4], which includes "all forms of concrete activity that contribute to physical fettle, mental well-beingness and social interaction, such every bit play, recreation, organized or competitive sport, indigenous sports and games" [4, 5]. These definitions have since been widely used by many SDP actors and several researchers [5, 6, seven].

In these initiatives, sport is presented as a lever for integration or social reintegration in developing countries or in conflict-affected areas [7, 8]. For example, soccer matches are used betwixt ii enemy sides to help rebuild relationships. In addition to its positive impact on wellness, sport is now recognized for having a number of other benefits such as the prevention of violence or doping, awareness of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and also equally a medium for instilling respect for opponents and rules, teamwork, sportsmanship, conclusion, and discipline, in youth [7, 8]. These fundamental principles could also be transferred to the social life of person according to some organizations that value them [9]. The UNOSDP [10] indicates other elements related to the use of sport every bit a lever for development and peace, among others:

Sport is a powerful tool with unique power to attract, mobilize, and inspire;
Sport embodies problems of participation, inclusion, and citizenship past its very ain nature;
It represents human values such as respect for the opponent, acceptance of restrictive rules, teamwork, and equity;
Sport is used in a very wide range of situations to serve development and peace-building as an integrated musical instrument in brusque-term emergency humanitarian aid activities or in long-term evolution cooperation projects [xi, 12].

Finally, sport has benefits such every bit private evolution, health promotion and illness prevention, gender equality, social integration, peace-edifice or conflict prevention/resolution and mail-disaster/trauma assistance [13, fourteen]. UNESCO published a report in 2016 on the power of the values of sport that reinforces this vision, then UNOSDP published a certificate that shows the joint of using sport to support each of the new Sustainable Evolution Goals 2015–2030 [10]. From a development perspective, the focus is about of the time on mass sport and not elite sport [15, 16]. In a development context, sport mostly includes a wide range of activities adapted to people of all ages and abilities, with an emphasis on the positive values of sport [x]. Sport is used to accomplish the most needy, including refugees; child soldiers; victims of conflict and natural disasters; poor people; people with disabilities; and victims of racism, stigma, and discrimination [14, 17, eighteen].

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two. Current researches on SDP

Beyond descriptions of SDP programs and contributions from international organizations, researchers examined the SDP field and analyze the benefits of these programs on individual development, wellness promotion and disease prevention, gender equality promotion, social integration, peace-building or disharmonize prevention and resolution, and assistance later on a disaster or trauma, among others [xiii, xiv]. At the moment, four primary types of research that accept been conducted around SDP tin be identified: (i) macrosociological studies on the positive attributes of SDP; (2) exploratory field and case studies; (3) studies on the management and evaluation of SDP programs; and (iv) literature reviews on SDP.

2.1 Macrosociological studies on the SDP

First, researchers are conducting a large number of macrosociological studies to question the so-called positive attributes of sport past raising its potential abuses [eleven, 12, 19, 20, 21]. For instance, Kidd [14, 22] conducted extensive literature reviews describing the landscape of the SDP movement. According to the author, SDP initiatives were motivated by athlete activism, the reaction to the fall of apartheid and made openings possible past the end of the Cold War, the neoliberal emphasis on entrepreneurship and mass mobilizations for "Make Poverty History," every bit part of a major focus of United nations political development and the SDP International Working Group [xiv, 22]. The current results of these global studies show that despite the potential benefits of sport, these positive social impacts practise non automatically accumulate. Achieving positive impacts require professional and socially responsible interventions that are adapted to the social and cultural context, prioritize development objectives, and are carefully designed to be inclusive [10, 17, 23]. Nevertheless, some authors notation the lack of scientific literature regarding the understanding of the specific mechanisms by which sport can foster development and peace among participants [nine, 24, 25].

ii.2 Exploratory field and case studies on the SDP

Second, some researchers accept used several exploratory methodologies to bear field case studies [26, 27, 28]. For case, Oxford [27] focused on the social inclusion of immature Colombian women through football, a traditionally very male sport. The researcher conducted a 6-month ethnographic report in Colombian neighborhoods of the SDP organization to explore the social, cultural, and historical complexities surrounding the rubber do of girls' sports. Whitley et al. [28] attempted to question key players in SDP about their experiences and expertise in the field. The study provided a better understanding of the limit, the lack of efficiency and equity in practices too as a concrete touch that they felt was unclear. The written report concludes with a list of recommendations to improve SDP field work, research partnerships, and evaluation collaborations in a more rigorous way. Finally, some authors such as Gadais et al. too aim to develop research methods adapted to the SDP field, which is often unstable, complex, or dangerous [26]. The authors intended to implement analyses and methods from a altitude and on the field to improve understand SDP organizations and their needs in order to better back up them in their work.

2.3 Management and evaluation of SDP programs

3rd, researchers are also interested in questions of program evaluation and management of SDP activities. On the 1 mitt, SDP organizations are frequently approached past the funding agencies to conduct SDP program evaluation studies. This is a classic way of observing the touch of sport on social alter [29, 30, 31]. The evaluation studies examined various aspects of the missions and paradigms of SDP projects [30, 32, 33]. A literature review conducted by Levermore [xxx] revealed iii major limitations to SDP evaluation studies: (a) monitoring and evaluation are bereft; (b) they are conducted with acclaimed programs; and (c) they tend to utilise a positivist logical framework (Levermore [30]). Levermore concluded his analysis by stressing the need for evaluations that can take into account the diversity of SDP projects, some of which accept unclear objectives or missing justifications. Indeed, their objectives and strategies remain unclear and questionable in relation to fully implemented plan evaluation protocols [30, 34]. Programs should be evaluated using solid methodological documentation on logical frameworks and critical participatory approaches to effort to apply these approaches to specific case studies or to consider their use in the context of a item sporting event [30]. On the other hand, some researchers aim to strengthen the managerial aspects of SDP projects to ameliorate their performance, management, or implementation mechanisms [34, 35, 36, 37]. Often, the overall idea is to build connections between the theory generated by macrosociological studies and field case studies. Sport management specialists have begun to critically review and evaluate SDP initiatives, and they are now more strategically planned and pedagogically solid than earlier. For instance, Schulenkorf [37] reviewed the main achievements of sport management research and classifies current research under four headings: (a) SDP programming and blueprint; (b) sustainable direction and capacity-building; (c) cosmos and optimization of impacts and outcomes; and (d) conceptual/theoretical advances. Finally, he suggested that future research could focus on the managerial concepts of leadership, entrepreneurship, and design thinking to maximize the potential of sport (direction) to contribute to desired, innovative, and sustainable outcomes for customs development.

ii.four Literature reviews on SDP

4th, three literature reviews take been conducted on SDP. Until 2016, there was little research to synthesize research on SDP. In that location was no mapping to know what projects existed and to have an overview of the situation at the global level. In 2017, the review conducted by Svensson and Woods [38] addressed this gap past providing a systematic overview of SDP organizations. While the precise locations of action of SDP organizations remain largely unknown, this review has focused these efforts and on the concrete and sporting activities used in the programs. Information technology provided an opportunity to review the practice of SDPs in society to provide an overview of the current country of the field: 955 entities involved in SDP practices were identified based on a systematic review of 3138 organizational entries in the SDP databases. The majority of organizations operate programs in Africa, but many are nowadays in Europe, North America, Asia, and Latin America, with more than than 80% of them having their headquarters in the same region. Teaching, livelihoods, and health emerged as the most common themes, while inability and gender were less represented. A total of 32 types of sports have been identified, one-third is just based on football (soccer). In relation to positive youth development (PYD) through sport, Jones et al. [39] conducted an analysis of how sport is a mechanism for achieving various development objectives. The review shows that this link between sport and development is non inherent and depends not only on a diverseness of programs and activities but as well on contextual factors. The positive potential of sport does not develop automatically; information technology requires a professional and socially responsible intervention, adapted to the social and cultural context [17, 23, 30]. Finally, Schulenkorf et al. [8] conducted an integrated analysis of the literature on sport for development to provide a comprehensive and holistic moving-picture show of the sector. Despite the significant increase in published research in the field of sport for development, there has been no effort to rigorously review and synthesize scientific contributions in this field and then far. The paper shows an upward trend in scientific publications since 2000, with an emphasis on social and educational outcomes related to youth sport, with football (soccer) existence the about common activity. The vast majority of SDP research has been conducted at the community level, where qualitative approaches dominate (70% of conceptual and qualitative methods). The authors also noted an interesting paradox regarding the geographical contexts of the studies: a majority of the projects are carried out in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, but 74% of the report fields and ninety% of the SDP authors are based in N America, Europe, and Australia.

ii.v SDP inquiry themes

According to the Periodical of Sport for Evolution, several inquiry themes have been identified in relation to SDP (Table 1).

Thematics	Descriptions
Sport and disability	Sport and inability focuses on enquiry related to sport equally a vehicle for the development, access, inclusion, and human rights of people with disabilities. This section encourages critical thinking and diversity of perspectives, welcoming research at the intersection of theory and practise.
Sport and education	Sport and education presents inquiry and case studies related to interventions that use sport to advance education, youth evolution, and life skills. Rather than focusing on sport pedagogy, this section discusses the role of sport in achieving the academic and social outcomes of youth.
Sport and gender	The theme on sport and gender presents research and instance studies related to interventions using sport to promote gender equality, claiming gender norms, and empower girls and women in disadvantaged environments.
Sport and wellness	Sport and health presents a wide range of outcomes associated with physical, mental, and social well-being. This is the effect of SDP programs on the gamble factors for catching and non-communicable diseases, including the directly upshot of sports programs on physical activity. Information technology also examines the office that sport can play in preventive education and health promotion interventions.
Sport and livelihoods	The theme on sport and livelihoods presents research and instance studies on interventions using sport to improve the livelihoods of disadvantaged people, from programs focusing on vocational skills training to rehabilitation and social enterprise.
Sport and peace	Sport and peace focuses on projects that use sport every bit a vehicle for reconciliation and peace-edifice. The concept of peace is broadly divers to include connotations of personal, community, and social well-existence, also equally the absence of conflict and tension between groups. In particular, this section examines the possibilities of creating peace between individuals and groups in socially, culturally, or ethnically divided societies.
Sport and social cohesion	The sport and social cohesion theme includes projects in the areas of community empowerment, social inclusion/integration, and diversity management. It focuses on social bear upon assessments and capacity-building initiatives that tin can lead to social cohesion, skills enhancement, and overall community development.

Table ane.

Research themes related to the SDP field.

3. Illustrations of SDP inquiry projects

3.1 Education, social inclusion, and environment: Bel Avenir (Madagascar)

Bel Avenir (BA) is a Malagasy NGO working in the southern region of Madagascar, through social projects, focusing on "instruction as a vehicle of development." BA carries out activities in diverse fields of didactics for young disadvantaged populations in Republic of madagascar, peculiarly in Toliara and Fianarantsoa. The field of education includes: (a) formal didactics in two schools, (b) not-formal teaching including a schoolhouse of sports and a music and arts center, among others, (c) awareness-raising projects, such as international inter-school exchanges, or publications of Malagasy stories. Thus, the organization offers a holistic approach to education for development and the SDP proposed by its schoolhouse of sports, which is only one of its diverse services. The country is severely affected past extreme poverty, malnutrition, severe hygiene and wellness bug, child labor problems (mining or prostitution), corruption in society, and frequent political crises. In this sense, BA works in a complex context, most frequently difficult, unstable, and sometimes insecure, where reality could exist ephemeral. BA is finally a fellow member of the international network Agua de Coco, based in eight countries, and mobilized around children's rights.

2 research projects are currently running to support and strengthen BA's projects. The first written report attempts to develop a methodology that uses the Actantial Model [40] and the Snakes and Ladders [vii] to clarify and empathize the NGO'southward situation from a distance [41]. By using the NGO's annual reports and comparing them to reality, the researchers are developing a methodology to verify whether a research tin can be successfully conducted in collaboration with the local system. A second study, focusing on the needs of the NGO, aims to measure out the effects of sports (school of sports) and artistic activities (arts and music center) [42] in order to understand their consequences on the psychological and social well-beingness of disadvantaged youth. This research too aims to strengthen monitoring and evaluation tools for immature people and to fix a psychological unit of measurement to monitor young people in their development.

iii.two Grooming of life and sports coaches—Pour 3 points (Canada)

The non-profit organization Pour 3 points (P3P), established in Montreal, Canada, since 2013, uses sport every bit a tool to promote the development of youth in socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. More specifically, P3P offers a 2-yr life coaching grooming program for immature Canadians who are interested in coaching and are willing to make a long-term delivery to the program and to disadvantaged communities. Their function is to learn how to support young people in their lives and to help them to avoid dropping out of primary or secondary school, and to support those who experience learning problems or have serious behavioral problems. By existence well trained, coaches can help immature people develop the skills they need to succeed in schoolhouse and in their life. Afterwards parents, coaches are the most influential adults in the lives of young athletes according to P3P. This influence is felt not only in the teaching of the game just also in the teaching of life.

Coaches are recruited at the time of enrolment in the preparation programme, based on the skills required to become life coaches while condign sport coach in 1 of the arrangement'south partner schools. Each year, the program recruits approximately fifteen coaches who participate in a 4-day training retreat, five peer give-and-take circles, five formal training sessions, and three personal evaluations each year, all nether the supervision of a development consultant.

Several research projects have been conducted with P3P. A first written report conducted on the P3P training program [43], examined coaches' perceptions based on a humanist coaching workshop they received in their training. The results revealed that coaches perceive positive results in autonomy, advice, skills, motivation, and willingness to help their athletes' teammates. A second study was conducted to strengthen the system'south logic model to place indicators for subsequent program evaluation. The results showed differences in the understanding of the program between primal stakeholders. Recommendations from research allowed P3P administrators to reframe their theory of modify [44]. This study was designed in collaboration with P3P administrators to assist them improve their logic model and prepare their programme evaluation. The idea for this research came directly from the P3P administrators and the researchers acted equally facilitators.

4. Axis of tensions between practice and theory of SDP

Several tensions can be noted between the needs of practitioners and their realities on the field with the possibilities of SDP research. The aim is to identify them and and so propose a plan for action and research (Table 2).

SDP practice	Centrality of tensions	SDP theory or research
Practical needs of SDP	Centrality of tensions	Needs for research
Evaluate effects or impacts of the SDP projects	Plan evaluation	Demand for indicators/criteria to deport evaluation
Projects are imperfect and demand be improve	Critic/support	Need to critic projects but too back up actors and organizations
Reinforce administration team and management work	Direction	Need to reinforce management elements of projects
What is the finality/employ/class of SDP?	Certitude/use	Need to identify the types of SDP and needs about thematics
What is the qualification/preparation of SDP personal/staff	Preparation/workshop	Need for research on training
Reality field could exist unsecure, unstable, circuitous, unsafe	Method/tools	Demand to improve quality of research and have adapted tools for investigation

Table two.

Tensions between practise and theory on SDP.

Outset, we can discover a first centrality of tension around program evaluation. On the one hand, SDP organizations are often asked by their donors to conduct program evaluations. This allows them to justify the rationale for their projects and to demonstrate the effectiveness of their deportment. Still, if these evaluations are not well planned, negative results can be found that compromise projects. SDP organizations often telephone call on researchers to help them conduct their program evaluation considering information technology is a time-consuming process. On the other paw, researchers need precise and specific criteria to conduct a relevant programme evaluation. Unfortunately, few projects are able to provide evaluators with these very of import indicators to conduct a fair and meaningful evaluation.

Second, SDP projects are rarely perfect in their planning and implementation considering they face limited resources and highly changing contexts. Likewise, information technology is necessary for administrators to brand constant adjustments to improve the implementation and realization of their projects. While SDP projects are criticized by researchers in demonstrating several nonsense between the aims and actions of the projection, it remains true that researchers would also benefit from offering a support and collaboration service to effort to solve the field difficulties encountered past the actors.

Thirdly, some other centrality of tension can be detected on the managerial aspects of SDP projects. On the i hand, the administrations of organizations are increasingly developing with their projects. As they practice so, they must strengthen their construction and organization, which is often dependent on the financial and human being resource at their disposal. On the other hand, researchers take started to conduct several studies to better understand the managerial aspects of SDP organizations, and it would be relevant if these studies could strengthen the organizational aspects of SDP projects which often practise not have much back up.

Fourthly and for the time beingness, few differences have been made in SDP projects between those aimed at elite sport, competition, physical teaching, concrete activity for leisure, or another theme such as health education through SDP. In our opinion, in that location is a very important tension about the purpose, employ, and grade that the SDP can correspond and be truly in field projects. While several texts have been written to endeavour to highlight these elements, few studies take attempted to go further in understanding what the SDP really is. This research seems essential to the states to make the difference between the diverse forms of SDP and their multiple uses. This will eventually make it possible to identify new themes to investigate around the SDP.

Fifth, there are currently many questions around who are the people who piece of work with the populations in SDP, what are their training or qualifications? While the enquiry strongly recommends the use of sport supervised by qualified and trained personnel, few studies take focused on the profiles and the training of those people who work in the field every day. On this axis of tension, research must suggest areas of response to strengthen field actions. And on this point, information technology is therefore necessary for researchers to become down to the field to see and understand the reality of the projects.

Finally, SDP fields are often dangerous and unsafe as they are located in humanitarian crisis or international development situations. These situations can change in a few minutes and working in this surroundings is therefore extremely unstable. They also face up very complex realities in which information technology is necessary to accept into account as many elements as possible in order to operate. Faced with the reality of this type of terrain, researchers must conform their work. In particular, research methods and tools must evolve to conform to a changing reality and to atmospheric condition that are sometimes very inappropriate for conducting a traditional research project. These adaptations are necessary to improve the quality of research in SDP'southward fields.

5. Futurity enquiry perspectives on the SDP

SDP research now offers a better understanding of the move and allows practitioners to meliorate orient themselves in their use of sport for development. However, the inquiry also raised a fix of physical issues for field projects and some questions remain unanswered at this time. Following the results of the latest studies, 6 main areas of work should be considered to guide further research on SDP.

Provide a space for reflection (criticize vs. support): current enquiry is often critical of SDP projects and likewise rarely supports or improves the action of actors in the field. Nonetheless, it seems important to strengthen the work of the actors while continuing to question their actions and achievements. In this sense, the researcher must offering a infinite for joint reflection with the actors in the field;
Use a collaborative or partnership approach to acquit research (exist a facilitator): one of the roles of research is to assistance solve practitioners' problems. Specifically in the domain of SDP, field actors limited difficulties and needs that must be listened in guild to co-construct research projects. In this sense, the researcher should deed as a facilitator to support the projects and the work of the actors while standing to criticize them in his/her support;
Starting from the physical bending of the field: to be able to fully empathise the nuances of the context and/or the environment of the SDP actors, researchers are invited to exist as shut as possible to reality, and to pace into the field every bit possible. This element is essential to build a relationship of trust with the actors to assistance them by understanding their background and endings as much equally possible;
Seek interdisciplinary inquiry: SDP themes are complex and oft overlap with scientific knowledge from several enquiry fields (eastward.g., folklore, psychology, and education). Researchers from several scientific disciplines must be open up and work together equally much equally possible, in order to have the near precise and complex understanding of the phenomena that are hard to capture from a unmarried angle. Inquiry must provide a better understanding of the multiple issues and the complication of the issues, problems, and realities;
Advise better quality of research: it as well seems relevant to us to question how to bear out ameliorate quality research on ephemeral or unstable fields, when access is considered complex and unsafe. This requires, among other things, the development of methods able to adapt and respond to the requirements of the domain also as to the various fields of investigation;
Clarify the uses of SDP: finally, information technology seems essential to us to question the type of sport for development and peace that is used in the various contexts of SDP. More specifically, is it competitive sport, physical education, physical activity, health pedagogy, or any other course? On this subject, Hills et al. [45] had opened up interesting avenues for reflection by mentioning sport + and + sport [46], sport for social inclusion [24], sport as a universal language [1, 24], sport equally a diversion [47], as a replacement or alternative [48], as a hook [49, 50] or for life skills [51, 52], among others.

vi. Determination

This chapter aimed to present the field of SDP, its origins, its development, the research that has been carried out and then far, equally well every bit illustrations to give the reader a better thought of what "Sport for Development and Peace" is. However, answering the question "what is the SDP?" is not easy given that this field is vast, complex, and constantly changing in practice.

In conclusion, iii main elements can exist remembered: (1) a big number of projects and programs accept been developed since the 2000s, mainly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, with football game existence the master sport [viii, 38]. Other various forms of physical activity and sports (e.g., physical pedagogy, competitive sport, and leisure activities) accept also been used in guild to attain development or peace and related topics; (2) research on SDP has intensified since 2010 [eight]; and it can be grouped into four chief categories of studies: macrosociological, exploratory field studies, managerial and program evaluation, and literature reviews; (3) several challenges and tensions remain to be resolved in order to accomplish quality research that volition truly aid and support actors from the field who apply SDP.

We can finally render to the proposals of Baron de Coubertin and Mandela, who were very visionary in using sport equally a vehicle for evolution and as a means of establishing peace. Because today, many organizations such as the United Nations prefers to rely on the universal potential of sport or other non-formal recreation to resolve conflicts and educate future generations, rather than traditional institutions such as schools or governments.

Acknowledgments

The writer would like to acknowledge all research collaborators (Arvisais, O., Ayoub, M-B., Bardocz-Bencsik M., Belanger, C., Charland, P., Caicedo, J-C., Dalcourt-Malenfant, Due south., Decarpentrie, L., Falcão W. Parlavecchio, L., Rouzaut, Thou., Varela, Due north., and Webb, A.) and also send a special thanks to all field partners of SDP researches (Bel Avenir, Escuela de communidad—Cuidad Bolivar, P3P, Conseil de Bande des Premieres Nations d'Opitciwan).

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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Submitted: June 11th, 2019 Reviewed: Baronial 15th, 2019 Published: November 18th, 2019

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